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Author: Admin | 2025-04-28
Of asthma. Despite this, the oral leukotriene modifier is comparable to ICS in asthma treatment (McIvor, et al., 2009). In addition, asthma with coexisting allergic rhinitis may benefit from adding montelukast to ICS or ICS/LABA (Virchow et al., 2010). Since the addition of LABA to ICS provides a better benefit for lung function improvement compared to montelukast (Ducharme et al., 2006), the synergistic effects of ICS and LABA have been widely accepted (Johnson, 2002). The paucity of evidence regarding the use of added PDE4 inhibitors to ICS is a major consideration. In contrast to COPD, adding roflumilast to LABA or LAMA in COPD patients has shown the benefit of improving lung function (FEV1). Moreover, adding roflumilast to ICS/LABA or ICS/LABA/LAMA has shown the benefit of COPD exacerbation reduction as mentioned previously. The combined oral PDE4 inhibitor including roflumilast to ICS needs more studies examining the synergistic effect of PDE4 inhibitor and ICS on asthma and clinical efficacy.Roflumilast has potential roles for being an asthmatic controller as mentioned previously. The position of the drug in add-on therapy to ICS or ICS-containing regimens is shown in Figure 2. Apart from PDE4 inhibitors, PDE1 and PDE3 are targets for novel antiasthmatic treatments. The molecular mechanisms underlying the effect of the PDE3 inhibitor on asthma and obstructive airway disease are that PDE3 is expressed in both structural cells and immune cells. Structural cells of lungs include smooth muscle cells, epithelial cells, and endothelial cells. The PDE3 regulates immune cells, including dendritic cells, monocytes, B-cells,
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