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Author: Admin | 2025-04-28
And requires pharmacological research investigations. Therefore, the current study focuses on the molecular mechanisms of papaverine’s pharmacological potential as they have been investigated in diverse experimental models. 2. Natural Source of PapaverineDue to their phytochemical composition, members of the genus Papaver (family: Papaveraceae) are recognized for their therapeutic benefits. The most significant Papaver species that contributes phytochemicals for drug development is Papaver somniferum L. (opium poppy), which is highly produced in countries such as Afghanistan, Myanmar, Mexico, Laos, Turkey, Czechia, and Spain. Other commonly cultivated Papaver species include P. bracteatum Lindl. (Persian poppy), P. rhoeas L. (common poppy or corn poppy), P. dubium L., P. pseudo-orientale Medw., and P. orientale L., which are grown at high altitudes in north and northwest Iran, Russia, the Caucasia region, Europe, and America [10]. P. somniferum L. produces papaverine naturally in its unripe seed capsules. A total of 40 alkaloids have been found in the plant; however, morphine (10–15%), noscapine (4–5%), codeine (1–3%), papaverine (1–3%), and thebaine (1–3%) are the five primary alkaloids. The prevalence of papaverine in Indian species ranges from 0.5% to 3% [11]. 3. Chemistry of PapaverineBenzylisoquinoline alkaloids hold a prominent place in alkaloid chemistry as they serve as in vivo precursors to many other naturally occurring isoquinolines. They are either 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro, as in coclaurine and N-nororientaline, or fully aromatic, as in papaverine, palaudine, and escholamine. Ring A in the benzylisoquinoline alkaloids may possess two or three oxygenated substituents, while ring C has only one or two substituents [12].Papaverine, also known by its IUPAC nomenclature 1-[(3,4-dimethoxy phenyl) methyl]-6,7-dimethoxyisoquinoline, is one of the principal benzylisoquinoline alkaloids found in P. somniferum [13,14]. Naturally, it is produced as a byproduct of morphine, codeine, and narcotine synthesis. Its m/z ratio was determined to be 340.15417 [15]. It is a neutral solid that only slightly dissolves in water [16]. There are four methoxy groups in papaverine. Even if the molecule lacks a TV-methyl group, it still functions as a tertiary base. It is considered a pyridine derivative because it may be reduced to a secondary amine by adding four hydrogen atoms, with the heterocyclic ring fused
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